若翻譯已完成，請認領人本人勾選
說明：2013在台灣，接連發生與網路中立性有關的事件（詳見挑戰總開關），實質損害雖尚未發生或未能證明，但隱憂已不可忽視，進入2014，智財局研議、電信法（及／或匯流法）、網路防護機構、國安法等立法、政策，或實施仍將接踵而至，如果推動網路中立性立法是長期目標，那麼現在開始研擬已經成為刻不容緩的任務，這份介紹網路中立性的文件來自於歐洲網路中立倡議團體，應可作為基礎觀念討論與釐清之用，當然，他山之石不見得完全適用，但仍可作為一個前進的起點。
來源：歐洲數位權利（European Digital Right, ERDi）文件08 2013.11.05 出版
授權方式：創用CC 姓名標示-非商業性-相同方式分享3.0（CC BY-NC-SA 3.0）
原作標示：
Net Neutrality is the principle that every point on the network can connect to any other point on the network, without discrimination on the basis of origin, destination or type of data.
This principle is the central reason for the success of the Internet. Net Neutrality is crucial for innovation, competition and for the free flow of information. Most importantly, Net Neutrality gives the Internet its ability to generate new means of exercising civil rights such as the freedom of expression and the right to receive and impart information.
In this booklet, we will explain Net Neutrality, why it is important, why certain Internet access providers believe that they have an interest in violating it, and we will address common misconceptions
網路中立性原則是指: 網路上的每一個節點都可以連接到網路上的任何其他節點，且不會因為來源，目的地，或資料類型而有差異。此原則是網際網路成功的核心原因。網路中立性對創新，競爭和資訊的自由流通至關重要。最重要的是，網路中立性能讓網際網路有力量產生新的方式以行使現有的公民權利，如言論自由與傳播資訊的權力。 在這本小冊子中，我們將解釋網路中立性，為什麼它是重要的，為什麼有網路服務提供商有意違反中立性，我們也將針對常見的誤解做說明。
“Allowing broadband carriers to control what people see and do online would fundamentally undermine the principles that have made the Internet such a success”.
- Vint Cerf, founding father of the Internet 01
“若允許寬頻運營商能夠控制線上民眾的閱讀與活動，會讓網際網路獲得成功的基本原則，從根本上被破壞” - Vint Cerf , 網際網路之父
FREEDOM OF communication IN THE DIGITAL ERA
數位時代的溝通自由
Page 5
圖一：開放中立接取模式
fig 1: Open neutral access model
The Internet is a global, interconnected and decentralised autonomous computer network. We can access the Internet via connections provided by Internet access providers. These access providers transmit the information that we send over the Internet in so-called data “packets”. The way in which data is sent and received on the Internet can be compared to sending the pages of a book by post in lots of different envelopes. 02 The post office can send the pages by different routes
and, when they are received, the envelopes can be removed and the pages put back together in the right order.
網際網路是全球性、互聯的、去中心化的自動化電腦網。我們可以藉由網際網路供應者提供的聯通來取得網際網路。這些網際網路供應者傳遞我們送到網路上的資訊以所謂「封包」的形式。數據在網路上傳送與接收的方式，可用書的頁面以不同的信封傳送來比擬。郵局可以用不同的途徑來傳送頁面，而當頁面被接收時，信封可被除去而頁面可以重組成正確的順序。
When we connect to the Internet, each one of us becomes an endpoint in this global network, with the freedom to connect to any other endpoint, whether this is another person’s computer (“peer-to-peer”), a website, an e-mail system, a video stream or whatever.
The success of the Internet is based on two simple but crucial components of its architecture:
1. Every connected device can connect to every other connected device.
2. All services use the “Internet Protocol,” which is sufficiently flexible and simple to carry all types of content (video, e-mail, messaging etc) unlike networks that are designed for just one purpose, such as the voice telephony system.
當我們連結到網際網路，我們每一個人都成為全球網路的終點，有聯結到任何另一個終點的自由，不管那是另一人的電腦(點對點)、一個網站、一個電子郵件系統、一個影片串流。
成功的網際網路都取決於兩個要素:
Pages 6~7
圖二：不中立接取模式
fig 2: Non-neutral access model
Net Neutrality is most commonly defined as the principle that Internet users can connect to any other point in the network. Users can create, access and use any content, service and application they choose, without discrimination, restriction or limitation imposed by those who run the infrastructure.
網路中立性是最普遍用來定義，網路使用者可連接到網路任何一個點的原則。使用者可以在沒有被網際網路供應者的差異與限制的環境下，來創造、存取、使用任何內容及服務、選擇應用程式。
Internet access providers enable us to communicate, browse the web or transfer files over the Internet, to make our own websites globally available and to use services such as email, social media or Internet telephony. Everybody, and in whatever role, and all organisations, of whatever size and style, is able to participate globally. Everybody is able to access services and to offer services.
網際網路供應者讓我們可以透過網路溝通、瀏覽網站或傳輸檔案，讓我們的網站可以全球化地運作，並可使用電子郵件、社交媒體或網路電話。任何人，任何組織，無論其規模, 都可以全球化地參與。任何人都可以在網上取得服務，也可以提供服務。
Let’s say you want to watch a video online:
You connect to the Internet, open your browser and navigate to the video service of your choice. This is possible because the access provider does not seek to restrict your options.
如果你想要看網路影片：
你可以連上網，打開你的瀏覽器並選擇影片服務。上述可成真，只要網際網路供應者不去限制你的選擇。
Without Net Neutrality you might instead find that your connection to video service A is being slowed down by your access provider in a way that makes it impossible for you to watch the video. At the same time, you would still be able to connect rapidly to video service B and maybe watch exactly the same content. Why would your access provider do such a thing? There are many reasons: for example, the internet access provider might a) have signed an exclusive agreement with this second video platform or b) provide their own video services and therefore want to encourage you to use these instead of the service that you initially preferred.
若沒有網路中立性，你可能會發現你連結到A影片服務的速度，被網際網路供應者減慢以致於你根本無法觀看影片。同時，你可能可以快速連結到B影片服務並看到同一個影片。為何你的網際網路供應者要阻礙你去觀看A影片服務的內容？有很多原因，比方說，網際網路供應者和B影片服務簽訂了合作協議，或網際網路供應者有自己的影片服務，所以他們希望你能使用他們的服務。
This is just one of the many reasons for violations of Net Neutrality. Such discriminatory measures are often called “traffic management”. We will explain the most common reasons for violations of Net Neutrality in the following chapter.
這只是違反網路中立性的原因之一。這樣的歧視性措施通常稱為"網路交通管理"。我們會在下一個章節進一步解釋違反網路中立性的幾個普遍理由。
“I don’t believe that restricting consumers’ choice can ever be an appealing driver of more growth.
I certainly don’t believe that restricting access to the internet will attract many more innovative European internet companies. And I don’t believe that restricted access to the internet is the right answer to a faster deployment of Next Generation Access Networks.”
- European Commission Vice President
Viviane Reding, September 2008 03
"我不相信限制消費者的選擇可以是成長的誘因。我絕不相信限制網路的存取可以吸引更多創新的歐洲網路公司。還有我不相信限制網路存取會是儘快部署下一代接入網的正確答案。"
-歐盟委員會副主席
Viviane Reding, 2008年九月
THE THREE MAIN REASONS
Pages 8
There are many reasons why Net Neutrality is not respected, among the most frequent ones are:
網路中立性不被重視的理由非常多，以下是最常聽見的一些：
Some Internet access providers demand the right to block or slow down Internet traffic for their own commercial benefit. Internet access providers are not only in control of Internet connections, they also increasingly start to provide content, services and applications. They are increasingly looking for the power to become the “gatekeepers” of the Internet. For example, the Dutch telecoms access provider KPN tried to make their customers use KPN’s own text-messaging service instead of web-based chat services by blocking these free services. Another notable example of discrimination is T-Mobile’s blocking of Internet telephony services (Voice over IP, or VoIP in short), provided for example by Skype, in order to give priority to their own and their business partners’ services.
一些網路通路提供者，為了他們自有的商業利益，要求阻擋或降低網路流量的權利。網路通路提供者不只掌管網際網路連接，也漸漸開始提供內容、服務和應用。他們逐漸尋求成為網際網路「守門員」的權力。舉例來說，荷蘭的電信通路供應者 KPN，嘗試透過阻擋免費的瀏覽器聊天服務，以讓他們的顧客轉而去使用 KPN 自有的文字訊息服務。其他著名的歧視例子是 T-Mobile 阻擋網際網路電話服務（VoIP，Voice over IP），保障像是 Skype ，為了給他們自己或商業夥伴的服務予優先性。
In the UK, blocking measures by access providers have frequently been misused to block unwanted content. For instance, on 4 May 2012, the website of anti-violence advocates “Conciliation Resources” was accidentally blocked by child protection filters on UK mobile networks 04. Another example is Virgin Media. The company provides access to the Internet and increasingly uses Deep Packet Inspection (DPI – see box on page 9). Virgin is now using this same privacy invasive technology to police their network in attempt to protect its own music business. 05 In all of these cases, private companies police their users’ connections to censor what they guess may be unwanted content.
通路供應者為了私有審查而侵犯網路中立性
在英國，通路供應者的阻擋準則經常被濫用為阻擋無用內容。譬如在2012年5月4日，提倡「安撫資源（Conciliation Resources）」 的反暴力網站，在英國移動網絡上，意外地被兒童保護過濾器所阻擋。另一個例子是維珍傳媒（Virgin Media）。這間公司供應了網際網路通路，並且逐漸地使用深度封包檢測（DPI）。維珍現在正使用相同的隱私侵入技術來對他們的網絡進行維安，為了保護它們自己的音樂商務。在所有這些案例中，私人公司對他們的使用者連接進行維安，去審查他們推測可能是無用的內容。
Pages 8~9
Governments are increasingly asking access and service providers to restrict certain types of traffic, to filter and monitor the Internet to enforce the law. A decade ago, there were only four countries filtering and censoring the Internet worldwide – today, they are over forty. 06 In Europe, website blocking has been introduced for instance in Belgium, France, Italy, the UK and Ireland. This is done for reasons as varied as protecting national gambling monopolies and implementing demonstrably ineffective efforts to protect copyright.
通路供應商為了執法而違法網路中立性
政府用法律要求通路供應商去限制某些內容的流通, 或是去過濾與監視網路. 在十年前, 只有四個國家去過濾與偵測網路. 現在, 有超過四十個. 在歐洲, 比利時, 法國, 義大利, 英國與愛爾蘭都會阻擋網站. 網站被阻擋有各式各樣的理由, 例如保護國家壟斷的賭博或是用沒有效率的方法來保護著作權
Some politicians call for Net Neutrality and demand filtering or blocking for law enforcement purposes at the same time. However, it is a paradox to create legal incentives for operators to invest in monitoring and filtering or blocking technology, while at the same time demanding that they do not use this technology for their own business purposes.
有些政治人物既要網路中立性, 又要可以透過法律去過濾與阻擋網路. 這是矛盾的. 既用法律去獎勵通路商開發監視與過濾網路的技術, 又要求他們不能將這些技術應用在他們自己的商業用途.
Information that we send and receive through the Internet travels in so-called “packets”, with “envelopes” indicating sender and receiver. Unlike normal network equipment, DPI looks not just at the envelopes but into packet contents, and can be used to disrupt or block certain packets based on what they contain.
DPI can be used for innocuous reasons (to fight spam or viruses), but also to carry out surveillance or to censor information as this technology makes it possible to capture information from network traffic and assess it in real time. In Russia for instance, Cisco’s Deep Packet Inspection solutions are allegedly being used by the government to block access to certain websites. 07 Cisco’s DPI tools are also being used in Germany by T-Mobile 08 on mobile networks.
深度封包檢測 (DPI)
那些我們在網路上送出與收到的資訊稱為封包. 封包外有個"信封"顯示送出封包的人與接收者. 不像普通的網路設備, 深度封包檢測不止看信封也看裡面的內容, 而且根據內容決定要破壞或是阻擋這個封包.
深度封包檢測可以用於一些無害的目的(例如解決垃圾郵件與病毒). 但因為這個技術可以捕捉網路上的資訊並且存取它的內容, 它也可以被用於監視與審察資訊. 例如在俄國, 據稱政府用思科的深度封包檢測方法來阻擋存取某些網站. 德國T-Mobile也在移動網路上使用思科的深度封包檢測工具.
Pages 10~11
r e as o n
01
No discrimination – Net Neutrality is the principle that all types of content and all senders and recipients of information are treated equally. This principle upholds the right to freedom of expression which includes, according to Article 19.2 of the United Nations’ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICC PR), the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds. Without Net Neutrality, Internet access providers would become gatekeepers of the access to content on the Internet, with the power to decide what we can read and write and with whom we are allowed to communicate.
理由一
無審查——網路中立性是平等對待資訊的一切內容類型、一切發送者與接收者的原則。此一原則支持表達自由的權利，包括，根據《聯合國在公民與政治權利上之國際公約（ICC PR）》第19條之二，搜索、接受與傳遞一切種類的資訊與觀念的自由。沒有網路中立性，網際網路通路供應者，將成為網路內容通路的守門員，有權力去決定我們可以看到什麼、撰寫什麼，以及被准許與誰聯絡。
r e as o n
02
Free Expression – The history of the Internet shows very clearly that Net Neutrality encourages creative expression. The ability to publish content and to express opinions online does not depend on financial or social status and is not restricted to an elite. There is a huge trend towards people sharing information and experiences online, sometimes referred to as web 2.0. This means that individuals, small businesses, traditional news sources and large businesses can all create content that is available to everybody. Net Neutrality enables information to travel through the network without being restricted or blocked, thereby enabling a vibrant digital environment, full of ideas and innovation.
理由二
自由表達——網際網路的歷史非常清楚地展示，網路中立性會激勵有創造力的表達。線上發佈內容與表達意見的能力，不依賴財政或社會地位，也並非僅限於菁英。人們在線上分享資訊和表達的顯著趨勢，有時被稱作 Web 2.0。這意思是，個人、小型商業、傳統新聞資源與大型商業可以全體創造所有人通用的內容。網路中立性促成資訊不受限制或阻擋地在網絡間傳播，以此促成一個活躍的數位環境，充滿觀念與創新。
r e as o n
03
Privacy – Measures to undermine Net Neutrality can have a direct impact on our privacy (DPI – see box on page 9). In a non-neutral Internet, providers would be able to monitor our
communications in order to differentiate between messaging, streaming, peer-topeer
(P2P), e-mails and so on. According to a recent study, some European access providers are already doing so via the use of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) for their commercial benefit. The reuse of this technology for government or intelligence purposes is inevitable.
理由三
隱私——要測量網路中立性是否被毀壞，可從對我們隱私的直接衝擊來看（DPI：見第9頁）。在一個非中立的網路中，供應者為了辨別訊息、串流、P2P、電子郵件或其他，將可監視我們的通訊。根據一份近期研究，一些歐洲通路供應商為了他們的商業利益，正準備透過深度封包深度封包檢測（DPI）來這麼作。對於政府或是情報目的來說，這個科技的再使用是無可避免的。
Pages 11
r e as o n
04
Access to Information – Net Neutrality is also the catalyst for the creation of diverse and abundant online content. Nonprofit projects like Wikipedia, blogs and user-generated content in general have the same conditions to access and publish information as large, commercial Internet players. Without Net Neutrality, we would have a two-tier Internet where only those who can pay would be able to access information or get content delivered faster
than other users.
理由四
資訊流通——網路中立性也是創造各種豐富線上內容的觸媒。像是維基百科、部落格和使用者生成內容的非營利專案，一般與大型的、商業的網路玩家，有著相同的條件去流通與發佈資訊。沒有網路中立性，我們將有一個雙重的網際網路，只有付得起錢的人能夠流通資訊、或是比其他人更快速地傳遞內容。
r e as o n
05
Democratic Process – Net Neutrality improves the quality of democracy by ensuring that the Internet remains an open forum in which all voices are treated equally. It ensures that the ability to voice opinions and place content online does not depend on one’s financial capacity or social status. It is therefore a powerful tool in facilitating democracy, enabling diverse ideas to be expressed and heard.
理由五
民主程序——透過保障網際網路保留了一個平等看待所有聲音的開放式論壇，網路中立性改良了民主的品質。它保障發表意見和上線放置內容的能力，不能依賴一個人的財力或是社會地位。因此成了一個促進民主的有力工具，使得各種觀念得以被表達與聽聞。
“The concept of Net Neutrality builds on the view that information on the Internet should be transmitted impartially, without regard to content, destination or source. By looking into users’ Internet communications, ISPs may breach the existing rules on the confidentiality of communications, which is a fundamental right that must be carefully preserved. A serious policy debate on Net Neutrality must make sure that users’ confidentiality of communications is effectively protected.”
- European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) on Net Neutrality,
「網路中立性建立在網際網路的資訊，無論其內容、目的地和來源，都應該被公平傳達的觀點上。透過網際網路通訊的研究，網路服務供應商能衝破通訊保密的規則，這是一個必須被小心維護的基本權利。在網路中立性上的一個嚴肅的政策辯論，必須確認使用者的通訊保密有被充分保護。」
—歐洲資料保護管理者（EDPS）談網路中立性
Pages 11~12
r e as o n
06
Tool against censorship – Without Net Neutrality, network operators can block or throttle not only services, but also content. The fundamental shift in information communications technologies over the last 10 years has facilitated revolutions and it offers the possibility of greater social reforms through greater transparency and the free flow of information.
理由六
對抗審查的工具——沒有網路中立性，網絡運作者可阻擋或壓制的，不只是服務，也包括內容。十年之間，資訊通訊技術裡的基礎轉移促進了革命，並透過更大的透明度與資訊的自由流通，提供了更大的社會改革的可能性。
r e as o n
07
Consumer choice – Net Neutrality ensures access to content and offers greater consumer choice by allowing more players to enter the marketplace. Therefore, the amount of online
information is vast and growing, leading to intellectual and cultural interaction that was scarcely imaginable twenty years ago. Without a neutral net, access providers can prioritise applications or services, thereby creating “walled gardens” in which consumer choice is limited.
理由七
消費者選擇——網路中立性確保內容是可取得的，並透過允許更多玩家進入市集，給消費者更多的選擇。因此，線上資訊量是大量的、成長的，導向二十年前無法想像的精神的、文化的互動。沒有一個中立網路，通路供應者可以指派應用或服務的優先性，從而創造一個消費者選擇受限的「圍牆花園」。
r e as o n
08
Innovation and competition – Net Neutrality continues to foster innovation, as individuals and companies alike can create content and provide new services with the online world as their audience. Any individual can upload content at relatively little cost. An unrestricted Internet gives market access to small and medium enterprises or start-ups that might not otherwise have a competitive edge against larger corporations. Without Net Neutrality, however, access providers are allowed to restrict access needed by innovators that seek to develop online services. Innovators would have a smaller and less predictable marketplace for their services. For example, a start-up company might not be able to reach all access providers’ customers, or pay potentially thousands of providers to do so.
理由八
創業與競爭——網路中立性持續地培養創業，個人和公司同樣能夠創造內容，並在線上世界供應新的服務，就像他們的讀者一樣。任何個人都可以相對小的成本上傳內容。一個無限制的網路提供中小企業或是新創事業進入市場，這些企業對於大型財團可能沒有什麼其他競爭優勢。然而，沒有網路中立性，通路供應商可依欲發展線上服務的創業者所需來限制通路。對於創業者的服務來說，他們將有一個更小而更少的可預期市集。例如，一個新創公司可能沒辦法抵達所有的受供應通路，或是潛在地為此向供應者支付了天價。
Pages 12
r e as o n
09
Digital Single Market – Net Neutrality is a cornerstone for the completion of the Digital Single Market. It removes barriers and allows users to freely communicate, fully express themselves, access information and participate in the public debate – without unnecessary interference by gatekeepers or middlemen. By contrast, a non-neutral Internet contributes to the fragmentation of the Digital Single Market. The European Parliament acknowledged this danger by adopting a resolution on “Completing the Digital Single Market” in October 2012, in which it “calls on the Commission to propose legislation to ensure Net Neutrality”.
理由九
數位單一市場——網路中立性是數位單一市場（Digital Single Market）競爭的一個基石。它移除了障礙並允許使用者自由通訊、完全表達他們自己、得以取用資訊與參與公共辯論——沒有不必要的守門員與中介者的干涉。相反地，一個非中立網際網路助力於數位單一市場的分裂。歐洲議會（European Parliament）在2012年10月，採納在「數位單一市場競爭」的提案，它在裡頭「為擔保網路中立性，號召委員會提議立法」。
r e as o n
10
Protecting a global Internet – As soon as access providers start making use of traffic discrimination tools to interfere in global communications for their own commercial benefit, governments will be tempted to use the technology for public policy goals – in fact, Western governments are more and more often asking providers to restrict certain types of traffic, and to filter and monitor the Internet to enforce the law. In other parts of the world this has lead to “national Internets”, such as the “Chinternet” in China and the “halal” Internet in Iran. The principle of Net Neutrality will help protect the global Internet.
理由十
保護全球網際網路——就當通路供應商為了他們私自的商業利益，製作干涉全球通訊的交通審查工具，政府立刻會被吸引去使用這個科技去達到政治政策目的——事實上，西方政府，越來越頻繁地要求供應者限制特定的交通類別，過濾和監視網際網路進行執法。在世界的其他地方，這導向了「國家網路」，就像在中國的「河蟹網路（Chinternet）」和伊朗的「清真（halal）」網際網路。網路中立性的原則將有助於保護全球網路。
Pages 13~14
Net Neutrality is bad for the development of infrastructure – who is going to pay?
The availability of content is a factor that stimulates broadband investment. Revenues from broadband and mobile access are dependent on demand for web-based content and applications. This has been empirically proven through the PLUM 11 study, which found that “the ability of consumers to access Internet content, applications and services is the reason consumers are willing to pay Internet access providers. Access providers are dependent on this demand to monetise their substantial investments.”
Some Internet access providers argue that application and content providers “free-ride” on network investment made by others. This claim is baseless, because users already pay for content and applications, which allows access providers to profit from their investment in networks. Content and applications providers buy services from access providers, purchase network access and services. Moreover, consumers’ demand to use high-bandwidth applications, such as peer-to-peer and streaming music and video, creates demand for faster Internet connections, more revenue for access providers and, ultimately, fuels investment in infrastructure.
迷思一
網路中立有害基礎建設發展—誰要負擔費用？內容可得是刺激寬頻投資的因素。寬頻和行動網路的收益由對網路內容與應用需求而來。這業由PLUM 11的研究証實。這個研究發現：“消費者取得網路內容，應用和服務的能力是消費者願意付費給網路接取業者的理由。接取業者依賴這些需求來回收他們的鉅額投資“某些網路接取服務提供者爭論內容提供業搭他人投資的“便車”。這項指控是沒有基礎的，因為使用者已經為內容和服務付費，而這使得接取業者能由他們對網路的投資獲得收益。內容和應用提供者向網路接取業者購買網路接取及服務。猶有甚者，消費者對寬頻應用的需求，例如點對點和串流影音服務，創造了對更快速網路連線的需求以及網路接取業者更多收益，最終將加速對基礎建設的投資。
Net Neutrality legislation would mean no network management, causing problems for the quality of the Internet
It is not true that legislation protecting Net Neutrality would prevent access providers from managing their networks. In fact, the Transmission Control Protocol (“flow rate fairness”) that is at the core of Internet engineering has been one of the greatest congestion management tools that has helped make the Internet such a success.
What Net Neutrality would prevent is not traffic management, but rather arbitrary restrictions implemented by access providers that are designed to undermine the openness of the Internet as a shortterm measure to make extra profits.
迷思二
網路中立性立法意味著對網路全無管理，將使網路品質產生問題。網路中立性立法不會導致接取業者無法管理網路。事實上，傳輸控制協定（Transmission Control Protocol）（“流速公平性”）是網路工程的核心，一直以來也是使網際網路如此成功的重要壅塞管理工具之一。網路中立性會防止的並非流量管理，而是接取業者為了增加額外營收而施行的任意限制，這些短期措施將降低網路的開放性。
Charging application and content providers will help promote broadband investment
Some access providers time and again have publicly expressed their will to charge content and application providers – in addition to access charges already paid by end-users – arguing that this will help investment in next generation networks. This is a dangerous approach because there are no existing obligations that would guarantee that access providers use any additional revenue for investment. In fact, they might even prefer to opt for less investment, since lower quality for basic Internet service may encourage the adoption of non-neutral (and more expensive) “premium” services.
迷思三
對應用和內容提供者收費有助於寬頻投資。某些接取業者不停地公開表示他們有意在對終端使用者收取的接取費用之外，再對內容和應用提供者收費。他們主張這能幫助下一代網路的投資。這是一個危險的處理方法，因為目前接取業者並沒有負擔任何義務保證他們必須將任何額外的收益用於投資。事實上，他們甚至會選擇減少投資，因為低品質的基本網路服務會鼓勵消費者採用非中立性（以及較昂貴的）的“進階”服務。
Pages 14~15
Net Neutrality legislation isn’t necessary, since customers can “vote with their feet”
If a company is restricting your access, whether blocking websites or services, the European Commission repeatedly stated that customers can switch companies to those who are offering the “full” Internet. However, if I am running a Belgian web service and it is being blocked by access providers in, say, Poland, Greece and Spain, I have no choice as I am not a customer of the foreign providers that are blocking my freedom to conduct business.
For consumers, good switching is insufficient in an industry where they are tied into lengthy contracts, as their ability to switch providers may not be feasible in practice. End-users can be left in a restricted, low quality slow lane, or a fast lane with fewer destinations to reach, without even knowing about it.
迷思四
網路中立性立法並非必須，因為顧客可以用腳投票。如果一家公司限制你的接取，無論是封鎖網站或是服務，歐洲委員會一再主張顧客可以轉換至提供“全部”網際網路的公司。然而，如果我經營一個比利時網站，而這個網站被在波蘭，希臘和西班牙的接取服務提供者封鎖，我並沒有選擇的自由，因為我並不是那些剝奪我經營自由的外國業者的客戶。
對顧客來說，在一個被長期合約綁住的產業中要轉換接取服務提供者實際上可能不可行，因此只有轉換是不夠的。終端使用者可能被放在一個被限制的低品質且低速的環境，或是快速但只能接取較少網站的環境，但使用者全未察覺。
There is no need for regulation, let the market decide
This is a false dilemma. While competition is a necessary mechanism to construct a healthy market, it does not effectively prevent access providers from adopting non-neutral practices. The regulatory framework cannot solely rely on competition and transparency.
It is clear that competition law moves too slowly, and is demonstrably not effective in curbing the problem at hand. In light of the growing, overwhelming evidence that access providers are tampering with end-users’ ability to access the Internet, relying solely on market forces will lead to the development of a multiple-tier Internet, to the detriment of citizens.
迷思五
沒有必要立法，讓市場決定。
這是錯誤的兩難。競爭是建構健全市場的必要機制，但不會有效地阻止接取服務提供者採行不中立的措施。管制架構不能全然依賴競爭和透明。很明顯的競爭法律進展緩慢，且明顯無法有效解決目前手上的問題。驚人證據顯示接取服務提供者正在損害終端使用者接取網際網路的能力，全然依賴市場力量將導致多層次網際網路的發展，對公民權益造成損害。
Pages 15
Costs are exploding because of data growth
This is untrue for both fixed and mobile network connections. For fixed telephony networks, traffic-related costs are a small percentage of the total connectivity incomes because they have a single line per household, so traffic growth over this segment involves no additional costs. The question is different for cable and mobile networks because the cable and radio access network is shared by users and the costs of adding capacity are significantly higher than they are for fixed networks.
However, the progress from 2G to 3G to 4G for mobile and to from EuroDOCSIS 1.x to 2.0 (and soon 3.1) for cable has lead to important reductions in the cost of carrying traffic. This means that even if costs for mobile access are higher, cost per unit is declining. In this case, not only does data traffic growth contribute to profitability for access providers, but it may contribute to lower average costs per data unit carried by the network.
迷思六
這一點在固網與行動網路上都是謬誤的。對於固定式的電話通訊系統來說，因為每一家戶都有單一線路，因流量帶來的費用只佔總通訊收入小部分，流量成長並不會帶來額外的費用。但有線及無線網路則不同，因為頻寬由使用者分享，增加流量造成的費用明顯高於固網費用。
然而，無線網路發展從 2G 到 3G 到 4G ，有線網路從 EuroDOCSIS 1.x 到 2.0（即將邁進 3.1）都使得流量費用明顯降低。這表示即使行動通訊費用比較高，每單位的費用則在降低。如此，資料流量成長不僅為網路供應商帶來營收，也能降低網路承載每資料單位的平均價格。
Net Neutrality will harm innovation
It is not true that Net Neutrality would stifle innovation, quite the opposite in fact: a failure to enact Net Neutrality protections will undermine content and application providers’ freedom to do business. As explained in chapter 3, a non-neutral regime would hinder innovation in content, as start-ups and smaller companies would suddenly be faced with barriers to enter the market – and uncertainty about what new barriers may be created. The innovators’ freedom to impart information is therefore limited – as is their freedom to do business, being
protected by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU.
迷思七
說「網路中立性會扼殺了創意」是錯誤的，實際上剛好相反：不實施網路中立性保護，才會破壞內容及應用供應者的商業自由。如同在第三章裡所說明，非中立的制度會阻礙內容的創新，新創及小型公司會面臨進入市場的門檻，並且無法確知前方還會有什麼新的障礙。這種情況限制了創新者流通資訊的自由，同樣也限制了由歐盟基本權利憲章（Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU）所保護的經營自由。
Pages 15
It’s our network, we can do whatever we want with it
The Internet is a “truly public place” that enables a new frontier of freedom, and serves as a tool to exercise this freedom.” 12 Citizens have grown to depend on the stability, openness and integrity of the Internet to exercise their fundamental rights, including their freedom of expression, access to information and freedom of association. These responsibilities are internationally recognised under the UN Framework, which acknowledges the corporate responsibility to respect human rights. Moreover, the EU Delegation to the 7th International Governance Forum (IGF) stated in 2012 that “the Internet is not just a technology or a digital market space.
迷思八
網際網路是一個「真正的公共場域」，它開拓了自由的疆域，也是實踐自由的工具。公民逐漸依賴網路的穩定、開放以及健全，來行使言論自由、取得資訊的自由、以及結社自由等基本權利。國際社會也在聯合國綱要下認可這些責任，認為企業必須負起尊重人權的責任。更進一步，歐盟代表團在 2012 年第七屆網路治理論壇（InterneT Governance Forum, IGF）表示，「網際網路不只是一項技術或數位市場」。
Net Neutrality is a problem in the US , not in Europe
There is overwhelming evidence that European access providers, particularly in the mobile sector, are using technical measures to tamper with end-users’ ability to access the Internet for their own commercial interests.
For example, recent findings from BEREC (the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications) show that this is indeed a problem in Europe, where more and more operators are restricting access to content (such as P2P sites), services (such as VoIP) and degrading the quality of Internet connections. In addition, the evidence collected through citizen platforms such as Glasnost 13 and Respect My Net 14 provides a crystal clear picture of the numerous, harmful neutrality violations already taking place in Europe.
迷思九
有壓倒性的證據顯示歐洲的網路供應商為了自身商業利益，使用技術干預用戶連接網路的品質，特別是行動網路業者。
例如，歐盟電子通訊管制者團體（BEREC, the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications）近期指出此問題在歐洲日益嚴重，越來越多供應商限制內容的取得（如 P2P 網站）、服務（如 VoIP網路電話）、並降低網路連接的品質。不僅如此，從公民群眾平台 Glasnost 及 REspect My Net 蒐集來的證據明確顯示，已經有不少違反網路中立的事件在歐洲發生。
Waiting for net neutrality
等待網路中立性
Pages 16
If there are so many benefits to securing Net Neutrality, what is the situation in Europe? What is being done to protect it?
In late 2009, European legislators chose not to introduce a legal safeguard to protect Net Neutrality in the “Telecoms Package”. This package obliges access providers to inform end-users about traffic management that they implement on their networks and to offer content or application providers access to their networks at “fair, reasonable and nondiscriminatory conditions” 15. Moreover, it says that national regulatory authorities shall promote the ability of end users to access and distribute information and run services and applications of their choice. However, in light of the significant body of evidence, the telecoms package has proven insufficient to efficiently safeguard Net Neutrality 16.
When Vice President Neelie Kroes took office as European Commissioner for the Digital Agenda in 2010, she stated that Net Neutrality would be a central issue on her agenda and launched a first public consultation. However, she moved away from this initial commitment, with one consultation after the other and not much action to ensure a neutral net in Europe.
In 2011, the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS), warned that violations of Net Neutrality could have “serious implications” for end-users’ fundamental rights to privacy and data protection. The EDPS stated that “certain inspection techniques used by ISPs may indeed be highly privacy-intrusive, especially when they reveal the content of individuals’
Internet communications, including emails sent or received, websites visited and files downloaded”
如果保護網路中立性有那麼多好處, 那麼歐洲的情況如何？歐洲做了什麼措施去保護網路中立性？
在2009年末, 歐洲立法者選擇在電信套案裡, 不去用法律來保護網路中立性。電信套案規定, 網路服務供應者有義務要告知消費者其網路交通管理的措施, 並提供內容/應用程式供應商公平、合理、無歧視的環境15。再者, 電信套案言明, 國家監管部門須提倡消費者, 有取得並傳播資訊, 選擇服務和應用程式的能力。儘管如此, 有相當證據證明了, 電信套案對於網路中立性的保護, 成效不彰16。當Neelie Kroes在2010上任歐洲數位議程委員會(European Commissioner for the Digital Agenda)的副總裁時, 她聲明網路中立性將會是她的首要之務, 並會有首次的公開咨詢。然而, 她還沒有履行當初的承諾, 一次又一次的公開咨詢後, 對於保護歐洲的網路中立性的提案並不多。
在2011年, 歐洲數據保護監督聯盟(EDPS)警告, 若違反網路中立性原則, 消費者在隱私及資料保護的基本權利, 可能會受到嚴重影響。EDPS並聲明, 網路服務供應者的"某些安檢機制", 很可能會高度侵犯消費者的隱私權, 特別是那些安檢機制會顯露消費者的網路通訊紀錄, 如傳送/接收的電子郵件、瀏覽的網站、及下載的檔案。
17.
In May 2012, after a series of consultations, the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC) published its findings regarding traffic management and other practices that lead to restrictions to an open Internet in Europe. The data from the investigation revealed the increasing trend of providers to restrict access to services and applications.
2010年五月, 在一系列的咨詢後, 歐洲電子通訊監管機構 (BEREC) 出版了關於, 網路管制導致歐洲開放性網路受到限制的研究。其調查的數據揭露了,網路服務供應者有逐漸限制消費者取得服務及應用程式的傾向。
Pages 17
On 15 October 2012, the European Commission’s latest consultation on Net Neutrality officially ended. On a European level, this was the sixth public consultation on Net Neutrality since Neelie Kroes took office. Only two weeks later, the European Parliament demanded the end of the “wait and see” approach and called “on the Commission to propose legislation to ensure Net Neutrality.” 18
A supplementary unofficial consultation was conducted in autumn 2012, when European Member States and the EU institutions were preparing to participate in the World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 (WCIT12) 19 organised by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The goal of the conference was a revision of the International Telecommunication Regulations (ITRs), which is a binding international treaty governing telephone, television and radio networks. The European Telecommunications Network Operators’ Association (ETNO) proposed to include global Internet regulation in the ITRs and tabled an amendment that would allow operators to practice differentiated quality of service delivery as well as to establish “sending party pays” business models. 20 This proposal to globally abandon the “end to end” and Net Neutrality principles was not accepted by the European representatives in the process of revision of the ITRs.
在2012年十月十五日, 歐盟委員會對於網路中立性的最後咨詢正式結束。以歐洲來說, 這是在Neelie Kroes上任後的第六個關於網路中立性的公開咨詢。只在兩週後, 歐洲議會要求終止"等待再看看"的方式, 並呼籲歐盟委員會立法來保護網路中立性18。在2012年秋天, 在準備要加入由國際電訊聯盟(ITU)舉辦的2012國際電信世界會議之前, 歐盟成員國及歐盟機構執行了一個非官方的咨詢。世界會議旨在對於結合國際條約來管理電話、電視、及廣播的國際電信規則(ITRs)作出修定。歐洲電信網路營運者協會(ETNO)提議要含括全球網路規範在國際電信規則(ITRs)中, 並針對允許營運商提供差異化服務及建立"傳送方付費"的商業模式, 去提出一個修正案20。在修改國際電信規則(ITRs)的過程中, 全球性屏棄"網路末端對末端"與網路中立性原則的提案, 並沒有被歐洲代表接受。
http://www.tiki-toki.com/timeline/entry/108784/Net-neutrality-in-Europe/
2010
NEELIE KROES SAYS:
22 december 2009
“We also need to ensure that (...) networks are reliable and resilient, open and neutral”
NEELIE KROES SAYS:
14 january 2010
"(…) that net neutrality is absolutely crucial. On a personal note I put even a heart by this item on my paper! It is of high importance for both of us, the Commission as well, to preserve the open and neutral character of the net."
T-MOBILE BLOCKS SKYPE 3 april 2010
Deutsche Telekom, parent company to T-Mobile, has announced that it plans to block access to Skype for iPhone in Germany.
BT THROTTLES BBC IPLAYER
1 june 2010
BT Broadband cuts the speed users can watch video services like the BBC iPlayer and YouTube at peak times.
1ST EU COMMISSION CONSULTATION LAUNCHED
30rd June 2010
NEELIE KROES SAYS:
11 november 2010
"In the spirit of net neutrality all such content and applications should receive equal treatment.” - "Any content or application that is legal and which does not cause undue congestion or otherwise harm other users or network integrity should be fully accessible."
2011
KPN ANNOUNCES USE OF DPI
22 april 2011
Dutch mobile provider KPN announced plans to charge mobile phone users separate fees for using voice-over-IP (VoIP) services like Skype, instant messaging programs, and streaming video.
FRENCH ISP THROTTLES YOUTUBE
3rd May 2011
EDPS adopts opinion
7th October 2011
In his opinion, the EDPS has made some recommendations which include: the determination of legitimate inspection practices needed to ensure the smooth flow of traffic or carried out for security purposes; the determination of the cases when monitoring requires the users’ consent (such as filtering aimed to limit access to certain applications and services, such as peer to peer); and, in such cases, the necessity of guidance regarding the application of the necessary data protection safeguards (purpose limitation, security etc).
1ST BEREC CONSULTATION LAUCHED
15th October 2011
The BEREC launches a consultation on its guidelines on Net Neutrality and Transparency
1ST EU PARLIAMENT RESOLUTION
26 Oktober 2011
"Calls further on the Commission to ensure that internet service providers do not block, discriminate against, impair or degrade the ability of any person to use a service to access, use, send, post, receive or offer any content, application or service of their choice, irrespective of source or target;
NEELIE KROES SAYS:
9th November 2011
she heard "allegations that some internet providers throttle, degrade the quality of services"
2012
2, 3 & 4 BEREC CONSULTATIONS LAUNCHED
23rd February 2012
BEREC launches consultations - three guidelines on Quality of Service (BoR 32), IP-interconnection (BoR 33) and differentiation practices (BoR 31)
EURO WATCHDOG: TELCOS ARE STRANGLING VOIP AND P2P TRAFFIC
15th March 2012
NETHERLANDS ADOPT LEGISLATION
8th May 2012
In reaction to KPN’s anti-neutrality plans, a broad majority in the Dutch Parliament voted for a legislative proposal to safeguard an open Internet in The Netherlands.
BEREC publishes findings
29th May 2012
“At least 20% of mobile Internet users in Europe have some form of restriction on their ability to access VoIP services (...)”
BEREC publishes findings
29th May 2012
“At least 20% of mobile Internet users in Europe have some form of restriction on their ability to access VoIP services (...)”
EU PARLIAMENT DEMANDS NET NEUTRALITY LEGISLATION
26 Oktober 2012
"81. Calls on the Commission to propose legislation to ensure net neutrality;"
EU PARLIAMENT DEMANDS NET NEUTRALITY - AGAIN
15th December 2012
EU Parliament demands stronger net neutrality protections - the resolution "Digital Freedom Strategy in EU Foreign Policy”, stresses that the EP "strongly supports the principle of net neutrality, namely that Internet Service Providers do not block, discriminate against, impair or
degrade, including through price, the ability of any person to use a service to access, use, send, post, receive or offer any content, application or service of their choice, irrespective of source or target" and "calls on the Commission and Council to promote and preserve high standards of digital freedom in the EU, in particular by
codifying the principle of net neutrality.
SLOVENIA INTRODUCES LEGISLATION
20th December 2012
2013
ORANGE MAKES GOOGLE PAY FOR TRAFFIC
16th January 2013
VODAFONE BLOCKS VIBER
26th February 2013
Commission group recommends legislation
23rd January 2013
"Channels or mechanisms through which media are delivered to the end user should be entirely neutral in their handling of this content. In the case of digital networks, Net Neutrality and the end-to-end principle
should be enshrined within EU law."
NEELIE KROES SAYS:
20th March 2013
"I’m fed up hearing from people who cannot legally access the music and films they love; from artists who can’t reach the audiences they want; from scientists who can’t properly use modern research techniques."
FRANCE: SFR VIOLATES NET NEUTRALTIY
30th March 2013
SFR violates net neutrality by modifying HTML content on internet mobile.
LEAK: DRAFT REGULATION FOR A "TELECOMS SINGLE MARKET"
11th July 2013
The leaked regulation aims, in Article 20, to prohibit anti-competitive blocking and throttling, BUT at the same time it proposes also the exact contrary of guaranteeing net neutrality by explicitly allowing agreements between content and access providers to prioritise traffic.
NEELIE KROES SAYS:
11th July 2013
"So I will guarantee net neutrality. (...)
Allowing the new premium services which so many new services rely on"
A case study
Pages 20
In 2011, the former Dutch telecoms monopolist KPN announced plans to make users pay extra for data used by certain third-party applications, such as WhatsApp and Skype, in order to create an advantage for KPN’s own services that included text messaging and phone calls. In May 2011, KPN revealed that it had used Deep Packet Inspection (DPI – see box on page 9) technology to identify the use of certain applications by its mobile Internet
customers 21.
2011年時，之前獨佔荷蘭電信市場的業者KPN宣布計畫，將要求消費者另外支付某些第三方應用程式，例如WhatsApp以及Skype，所使用的數據費用。這些計畫，都是為了要為KPN本身的服務，包括手機通話及簡訊，創造競爭優勢。2011年五月，KPN還揭露該公司使用深層封包檢測（DPI，見第九頁的說明圖表）技術，辨識行動網路消費者所使用的某些應用程式。
One year later, on 8 May 2012, the Netherlands adopted crucial legislation to safeguard the open and secure Internet, including Net Neutrality provisions. 22 By doing so, the Netherlands is the first country in Europe and the second country in the world to enshrine the principle of Net Neutrality in law. This demonstrates that it is possible to draft Net Neutrality legislation that takes into account the interests of Internet users, service providers and telecommunication companies, while ensuring freedom of expression and privacy on the Internet.
一年之後，2012年五月八日，荷蘭通過確保網路開放及安全的重要立法，包括網路中立條款。荷蘭也因此成為歐洲第一個，世界第二個在法律上賦予網路中立原則神聖地位的國家。這也顯示了，起草網路中立立法時，一併考慮網路使用者、服務提供者與電信公司的利益，同時又兼顧網路隱私及言論自由，是可行之事。
The law aims to maximise choice and freedom of expression on the Internet. It therefore prohibits the hindering or disrupting of services or applications on the Internet. Only in certain limited cases where this is necessary is an exception to this principle allowed. Those exceptions must be interpreted narrowly, whereby the assessment of the necessity must be based on the criteria of proportionality, using criteria established in the context of the application of the European Convention on Human Rights.
這項法律的目標，是要盡可能維護網路上的言論自由以及選擇。因此，該法禁止阻礙或中斷網路上的服務或應用程式。只有在某些有限的情況下，當有必要阻礙或中斷服務時，網路中立原則才允許例外。這些例外必須以狹隘的角度詮釋，且評估是否必要時，需基於比例原則，而且必須使用那些在歐洲人權公約的脈絡之下所建立的原則。
Pages 20~21
The first exception aims to ensure that in case of congestion, time-sensitive traffic (such as VoIP) can be prioritised, and that in such cases other traffic may be delayed. Providers should avoid congestion in the first place by adequate investment in capacity. However, if there is congestion, then the measures under this exemption are designed to facilitate end-users’ ability to continue to have maximum access to information, disseminate information
and use applications or services. The measures should be removed as soon as possible.
第一項例外是要確保，在頻寬壅塞的情況下，有時效性的應用程式數據（例如網路IP電話）可以優先流通； 在這個情況下因而延緩其他應用程式， 這是可以接受的。網路服務商的第一要務應該是要適度投資以提升網路容量、 避免壅塞。然而，若有壅塞情形發生，此項例外之下的措施之設計，是為了要使終端使用者得以持續近用最大量的資訊、散佈資訊以及使用應用程式或服務。 這些例外措施應盡快中止。
The second exception is aimed at blocking traffic that affects the safety or integrity of the network or of the end-user’s terminal device. This can, for example, be traffic from computers that are part of a botnet and which is used for a distributed denial of service attack. A measure must be proportionate and therefore must be restricted to only the traffic that affects security or integrity, and should be used no longer than necessary.
The third exception is designed to make it possible to block unsolicited commercial communications such as spam.
第二項例外的目的，是要封鎖影響網路或使用者終端設施之安全或健全的數據。例如，從殭屍網路上的電腦所發出，用以進行阻斷服務攻擊的數據。該項措施必須符合比例，因此只限於針對影響安全及健全性的網路數據，且使用時間不可長於必要之時。第三項例外之設計，則是要封鎖不請自來的商業性通訊，例如垃圾郵件。
Finally, an exception allows for the situation where providers are required by statute to hinder or slow down certain traffic, or are required to do so under a court order.
In addition, providers of Internet access services are not allowed to make the price of Internet access services dependent on the services and applications which are offered or used by customers.
最後一項例外，則是允許網路服務商在法條或法院命令要求之下，阻礙或減緩某些網路數據的流通。此外，提供網路連接服務的業者，不得依據客戶所使用的應用或服務的類型，來訂定網路連接服務的價格。
“As much as anything else, the economic success of the Internet comes from its architecture.”
- Lawrence Lessig, Harvard Law School Professor 23
網路在經濟上的成功，源自於網路的架構。這一點與其他事物並無不同。
-- 勞倫斯 雷席格，哈佛法學院教授
保障網路中立性的十個要點
Pages 22
Page 23
盡力而為 Best effort 相對於電信領域裡保證服務品質的點對點語音電路，網際網路是以『盡力而為』基礎在運作著。這是因為數據流量往往是短促而突發的，為這種流量嘗試預留資源的開銷往往是非常多餘的。而且， 組成網際網路的（各廠商、各單位）子網路太多了，不太可能透過兩兩之間的直接合約關係來實現通用的服務品質。另請參閱互連。
DOCSIS DOCSIS 是一種國際電信標準，允許附加於現存有線電視系統之上的高速數據傳輸。
End-to-end principle 點對點原則 點對點原則是網際網路核心架構的一部分。這一原則主張網際網路通信應由終端來控制，而不是中介者。『傳輸管道』不應依據寄件人、收件人或在網路傳輸數據內容的類型不同而有所歧視。
過濾 Filtering 據預先定義的準則，在通過網路數據中，阻擋特定封包的行為。可以作為實現安全防火牆的一種技術，也能進行通信審查。
網際網路協定 IP 網際網路協定是一種通信標準，允許電腦與電腦之間彼此傳送數據封包。網際網路協定是網際網路的基本通信技術。
IP 位址 IP 位址是以數字表示的地址，分配給每一個連接到網際網路的裝置（見我們的《網際網路如何工作？》小冊）。隨著家庭或企業路由器經常對所有連接到它的人顯示單一 IP 位址，所以根據 IP 位址所找到的， 可能是一群人，而不是特定的單一個人。
Best effort The Internet operates on a “best effort” basis in contrast to the telecoms world’s end-to-end voice circuit with a guaranteed Quality of Service.
This is because data traffic is often short and bursty and the overhead involved in trying to reserve resources in advance for such traffic would often be wildly excessive. In addition, there are simply too many networks involved in the Internet to allow all the direct contractual relationships that would be needed for generalised QoS. See also peering.
DOCSIS DOCSIS is an international telecommunications standard that permits the addition of high-speed data transfer to an existing cable TV system.
End-to-end principle The end-to-end principle is part of the Internet’s core architecture. This principle asserts that Internet communications should be controlled at its endpoints rather than by intermediaries. The “transmission pipe” does not discriminate against the sender, recipient or content of the data transmitted over the network.
Filtering The act of blocking specific packets of data when they travel through networks based on pre-defined criteria. It can be used as a technique to implement security firewalls but also to censor communications.
IP (Internet Protocol) IP is a communications standard that allows computers to send data packets to one another. IP is the basic communication technology of the Internet.
IP address An IP address is a numerical address that is assigned to every device connected to the Internet (check our booklet “How the Internet Works”). As household or business routers will often display just one IP address for all of the people connected to it, the IP address can identify a group of people rather than just one individual.
Page 24
網際網路接取提供者 Internet access provider 接取提供者是一個提供網際網路接取服務的公司，本身營運固定/行動基礎建設或提供基礎建設之接取。
網際網路服務提供者 ISP (Internet Service Provider) ISP 是提供接取網際網路及相關服務公司或機構的總稱。有不同類型的網際網路服務提供者，例如接取、主機代管，虛擬和傳輸提供者。
互連 Peering 許多網際網路上的同級網路彼此間交換流量是不用付費的。這是因應一個複雜環境的複雜反應。對任何組織來說，會計、請款，甚至最初的談判都會產生費用。簡單地說，你的接取提供者的網路是由它的用戶來支付。接下來它可能會購買大量的傳輸以存取網際網路的其他部分。 又或者它可以單純地與同級網路交換流量 -- 這就會形成各方的雙贏。付錢給同級網路，他們同時也得把錢付回來，這樣是不合邏輯的，除此之外，你們還需要負擔這樣的安排所產生的所有開銷費用。
點對點 (P2P) 終端使用者（「點」）透過網際網路彼此直接連結的一種分散式系統。
節流 Throttling 節流是指網際網路接取提供者故意讓(某些特定的)服務、應用或內容變慢。
傳輸控制協定 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) TCP 是負責驗證數據正確傳輸與追蹤數據封包的協定。 TCP 有助於檢測錯誤並觸發重傳，直到數據封包被準確、完整地接收。
TCP/IP 架構 TCP 和 IP 是最常見也是最古老的網際網路通信標準。由於網際網路大部分的數據傳輸是由 IP 之上的 TCP 所產生，名詞 TCP / IP 已經用來代表使用在網際網路上的一套完整協定。這些協定定義了電腦彼此間溝通必須依照順序，以及將數據傳送到正確目的地的規則。
流量管理 Traffic management 網際網路服務提供者一直以來都以一些應用機制來控制流量以保持網路的安全或避免擁塞。除了 TCP / IP 現有的（總量）擁塞控制之外， 如果網際網路服務提供者進行附加的做法， 進一步檢查並區分（各種服務類型的個別）流量，通常被稱為「流量管理」。
網路電話 VoIP (Voice over IP) 一組數據通信協定和技術，使語音能透過網際網路或基於 IP 的其他（非傳統電信）網路來傳送。
Internet access provider An access provider is a company that offers access to the Internet, that operate fixed/mobile infrastructure or provide access to infrastructure.
ISP (Internet Service Provider) ISP is the general term for companies or organisations that provide access to the Internet and related services.
There are different types of ISPs, such as access, hosting, virtual and transit providers.
Peering Many networks on the Internet swap traffic with their peers without payment. This is a sophisticated response to a complex environment. Accounting and billing and even negotiating the contracts in the first place involve costs for any organisation. At its simplest, your access provider’s network is paid for by its subscribers. It may then buy bulk transit to access the rest of the Internet. But if it can then simply swap traffic with its peers then this can be win-win for all concerned. It would be illogical to pay your peer when they will just have to pay you back - and in addition you would both need to assume the costs of all the overheads of such an arrangement.
Peer to peer (P2P) A decentralised system where the end-users (“peers”) are connected directly with each other via the Internet.
Throttling Throttling means the intentional slowing down of services, applications or content by an Internet access provider.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) TCP is the protocol responsible for
verifying the correct delivery of data and keeping track of data packets. TCP
helps to detect errors and to trigger retransmission until the packets are
correctly and completely received.
TCP/IP architecture TCP and IP are the most common as well as the oldest standards for Internet communication. As most transmissions of data across the Internet take place using TCP on top of IP, the name TCP/IP has come to represent the complete suite of protocols used on the Internet. These protocols define the rules that computers must follow in order to communicate with each other and send data to the right destination.
Traffic management ISPs have always engaged applied mechanisms to control traffic flows to preserve the security of the network or to avoid congestion. If ISPs engage in supplementary practices (in addition to the existing congestion control by TCP/IP) to inspect and to differentiate traffic, this is often referred to as “traffic management”.
VoIP (Voice over IP) A set of data communications protocols and technologies to enable voice to be sent over the Internet or over separate, IP-based networks.
01 http://www.commerce.senate.gov/pdf/cerf-020706.pdf
02 EDRi booklet: How the Internet works http://www.edri.org/files/2012EDRiPapers/how_the_
internet_works.pdf
03 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-08-473_en.htm
04 Open Rights Group: http://www.openrightsgroup.org/blog/2012/peace-advocates-blocked-as-porn
05 BBC: Virgin defends file-sharing campaign http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/technology/
newsid_7486000/7486836.stm and Virgin Media and Cview to rifle through your packets: http://
crave.cnet.co.uk/software/virgin-media-and-cview-to-rifle-through-your-packets-49304424/
06 Open Net Initiative, West Censoring East https://opennet.net/west-censoring-east-the-usewestern-
technologies-middle-east-censors-2010-2011
07 Wired, The Kremlin’s New Internet Surveillance Plan, 1 November 2012: http://www.wired.com/
dangerroom/2012/11/russia-surveillance/all/
08 Thomas Grob, Deutsche Telekom, at the Netz-für-alle-Konferenz: https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=HQbwiZ5hIoo#t=20m28s
09 BEREC report on traffic management, 2012: “When blocking/throttling is implemented in the
network, it is typically done through deep packet inspection (DPI)” https://ec.europa.eu/digitalagenda/
sites/digital-agenda/files/Traffic%20Management%20Investigation%20BEREC_2.pdf
10 European Parliament resolution, 26/10/2012 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?
type=REPORT&reference=A7-2012-0341&language=EN
11 PLUM study 2011 http://skypeblogs.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/plum_october2011_the_open
internet_-_a_platform_for_growth.pdf
12 Joint Statement of the EU Delegation to the 7th International Governance Forum (IGF) in Baku
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-12-852_en.htm
13 Glasnost data visualised in a Net Neutrality map http://netneutralitymap.org/
14 Respect my net: http://respectmynet.eu/list/
15 Directive 2002/19/19 (Access Directive):
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0019:EN:HTML
16 See BEREC study May 2012 http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/
Traffic%20Management%20Investigation%20BEREC_2.pdf
17 EDPS Opinion on Net Neutrality, traffic management and the protection of privacy https://
secure.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/webdav/site/mySite/shared/Documents/EDPS/PressNews/
Press/2011/EDPS-2011-10-Net-neutrality_EN.pdf
18 EU Parliament resolution on completing the Digital Single Market, 26 October 2012: http://www.
europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&reference=A7-2012-0341&language=EN
19 See WCIT resources: http://wcitleaks.org/resources/
20 ENDitorial: The ETNO’s WCIT Proposals are not as bad as some say http://www.edri.org/edrigram/
number10.19/wcit-etno-proposals-not-so-bad
21 Web wereld: KPN luistert abonnees af met Deep Packet Inspection http://webwereld.nl/
beveiliging/53691-kpn-luistert-abonnees-af-met-deep-packet-inspection
22 The translated provisions can be found on the website of Bits of Freedom:
https://www.bof.nl/2011/06/27/translations-of-key-dutch-internet-freedom-provisions/
23 http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2010/8/9/who-gets-priority-on-the-web/a-deregulationdebacle-
for-the-internet